Seneca
You will find short youtube videos that will help you picture concepts in your mind. Next to the videos, I write high-yield information.
UWQI 2031
-A steroid hormone such as progesterone, once it diffuses across the cell membrane, will bind to a cytoplasmic receptor, which can translocate to the nucleus. The receptor is considered a DNA-binding protein.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8223341/ First aid page 341
UWQID : 992
-Familial Hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is Autosomal dominant, so you see a familly history (perhaps several members have mild hypercalcemia). Labs: borderline high PTH, very low Urinary calcium, normal 25 OHD.
-FHH due to mutation in Calcium sensing receptors are transmembrane and coupled with a G protein,
-In FHH, more calcium is needed to tell parathyroid to stop secreting pth.
UWQID 19000
-Testostserone replacement therapy helps with symptoms of hypogonadism. Remember that it can raise PSA and risk of prostate cancer, and also lead to thrombosis due to erythrocytosis. Regular monitoring for hematocritis important.
Abnormal hemoglobin moves at slower pace because glutamic acid was replaced with valine.
FA mnemonic A Fat Santa Clause can't go far-> HbA migrates the farthese, then HbF, then HbS, then HbC. HbC is close to Cathode. HbA is closes to Anode. First aid page 416
EGPA UWQID 667
RA
340
UWQID 919
On histology , MS plaques contain foci of perivenular inflammatory infiltrates made up primarily of autoreactive T lymphocytes and macrophages.
UWQID 634
UWQID 634
In AD, amyloid deposits are found exclusively in the brain.
Likely to see renal agenesis during autopsy. FA mnemonic POTTER Pulmonary hypoplasia Oligohydramnios (trigger) Twisted face Twisted skin Extremity defects Renal failure (in utero)
if a voiding cystourethrogram shows retrograde urine flow into one of the ureters but without any dilation at a point when a baby is evaluated for febrile uti, but a repeat a year later is normal, then that reflux could be due to a short urethra , congenitally inherited. UWQID 106085
If net filtration pressure increases after a substance, then we can say that substance probbly constricted the efferent arteriole, like an angiotensin 2 agonist would. UWQID 1354
Increase in GFR and FF occurs when the efferent is constrictired but up to a certain exten. UWQID 1017
Serum creatinine is lower in pregancy as GFR increases. RBF also increases. UWQID 19177
Urea being secreted and not reabsorbed will be on the upper part of the TF/P = 1 line. Bicarb, bicamb being reabsorbed will be on the lower part. UWQID 1617
With low ADH, the highest concentration will be in the bottom where descending and ascending loops meet. UWQID 1607
Body fluid osmolality
When high levels of ADH, most dilute part will be DCT.
Myeloma kidney disease 1054
Hyponatremia
Hypercalcemia
AKI prerenal increased urea reabsorption
7611 Get electrophoresis to establish specific amyloidosis diagnosis.
EM shows subepithelia humps, made of IgG, IgM, C3
UW QID 27
In Iga nephropathy, complement level normal. Can see rbc casts in urine
15353
Membranoproliferative can be associatd with chronic infection like hepatitis B or hepatis C. 15353
In lupus nephritis, the kidney is affected by deposition of Immune complex containing DNA and anti-DNA. Deposition is within the glomerulus. UWQID 15619
Patients with ESKD ,and on dialysis, will have trouble getting rid of B2 microglobulin, which will deposit in tissues. UWQID 7625
Patients with ESKD ,and on dialysis, will have trouble getting rid of B2 microglobulin, which will deposit in tissues. UWQID 7625
Immune complex deposition in glomerular mesangium Henoch schonlein purpura UWQID 7625
7611 Get electrophoresis to establish specific amyloidosis diagnosis.
UWQID 810
Haldane effect
UWQID 1386
Intrapleural pressure at resting equilibrium is -5
UWQID 1543
22149 Intestinal malrotation occurs when the midgut undergoes incomplete physiologic rotation in utero. A life-threatening complication of malrotation is midgut volvulus, in which the small intestines twist around the superior mesenteric artery due to the abnormally mobile mesenteric base. Patients have bilious emesis, and an upper gastrointestinal series typically shows proximal small intestinal loops on the right side of the abdomen.
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